Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Venezuelas Declaration of Independence in 1810, Chile's Independence Day: September 18, 1810, What Is Imperialism? The Latin American Revolutions led to popular sovereignty in the New World. Haiti was French colony and Latin America was spanish but independence was paramount in both and changed these areas forever. George Washington sent troops and supplies to help the revolutions get started. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. All the leaders were jailed in Spain. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. Legal History of the State and Church in 18th Century New Mestizaje and the Legacy of Jos Mara Arguedas, Military Government in Latin America, 19591990, Military Institution in Colonial Latin America, The, Modern Decorative Arts and Design, 19002000, Natural Disasters in Early Modern Latin America. . Brazil is the only country in the Americas to have a long-standing monarch. After establishing naval dominance in the region, the southern movement made its way northward. They form a dialogue with works on the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru or what became Bolivia. Resentment at being excluded from the highest rungs of government was a key cause of Creole resentment, and some began to call for independence. A refugee from Nazi Europe to Argentina, Lewin makes parallels between the rebellions defeat and the Holocaust. The colony known as Rio de Plata was composed of the modern-day countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, followed a similar pattern to New Granada. Despite its Victorian worldview, this is a splendid read. Uruguay, an area of dispute between Brazil and the United Provinces became an independent state in 1828. While the Latin American Revolutions' effects established independence, most of the young republics faced continued challenges to stability due to internal political conflicts and enduring racial and economic inequality. This plan included what were called the Three Guarantees: This plan was a compromise that granted citizenship to people of mixed and indigenous ancestry but also maintained the favored position of people of European descent. There were many important Latin American Revolution leaders. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Independence in the former Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata, however, encountered grave difficulties in the years after 1810. Many were educated in Europe and were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment. Preference for continued colonial rule over the possibility of social revolution like in Haiti helped prevent white Creole elites from fully backing independence, even as some did engage in rebellion in the 1860s and 70s. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. Ultimately, he opted to fight for independence to establish his own empire under his sole control. The link was not copied. Although Fisher did not have access to the document collections and analyses published after her study, the analysis is solid and the narrative engaging. To further muddle things up, Spanish law allowed wealthy people of mixed heritage to "buy" whiteness and thus rise in a society that did not want to see their status change. Contemporary Indigenous Film and Video Production, Contemporary Indigenous Social and Political Thought, Dependency Theory in Latin American History, Development of Architecture in New Spain, 15001810, The, Development of Painting in Peru, 15201820, The, Dutch in South America and the Caribbean, The. By late 1822, he was facing rebellion from republican opposition. Although the apologetic views on Spanish repression and his hypercritical opinions on the rebels (he compares Tupac Katari to Idi Amin) are troubling, the book mines official Spanish correspondence like no other. Many Creoles said they were loyal to Spain, not Napoleon. Haiti was only the second independent nation state in the Americas after the United States, giving it important symbolic significance in inspiring other revolutions. Louverture emerged as the leader of the slave rebellion in Haiti. 9.1 North America 9.2 Europe 9.3 Asia-Pacific 9.4 Latin America 9.5 Middle East and Africa 10 Future Forecast of the Global Business-Outcome-Driven Enterprise Architecture Consulting Software . One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. Question 14. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (17651783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic societylater, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. While he was able to carve out a liberated zone in southern Venezuela, he repeatedly failed to capture the capital of Caracas. In Colombia, conflicting views over a new governing structure led to fighting between Bogot and the provinces that declared themselves free states like Cartagena, even while they simultaneously fought royalist forces. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on He focused on the years 1776, 1789, 1804. Both revolutions followed the anatomy of a revolution and had comparable causes, however the French Revolution politically better outcomes, whereas the Latin American Revolution resulted in poverty and lost territory. Over the next decade and a half, Spanish Americans had to defend with arms their movement toward independence. However, the revolutions had less positive impacts. In Santiago, Caracas, Bogot, and other cities, by contrast, it was Creoles who controlled the provisional juntas. In addition, revolts inspired by Tupac Amaru took place in what became Argentina, Chile, and Colombia. Minster, Christopher. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. Causes of the Latin American Revolution. The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. Its 100% free. American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. Death Year: 1830. In 1810 a Cortes (Parliament) emerged in Cdiz to represent both Spain and Spanish America. Mexico became a republic. These social revolutions entailed a substantial, violent, and voluntarist struggle for political power and the overthrow of the established . Louverture had achieved practical autonomy for Haiti and adopted a new constitution in 1801. One of the more major causes of the American Revolution, the Intolerable Acts were . Renata Keller draws on declassified Mexican and US intelligence sources and Cuban diplomatic records to challenge earlier interpretations that depicted Mexico as a peaceful haven and a weak neighbor forced to submit to US . In Brazil and Haiti, circumstances were slightly different but had similar causes of dissatisfaction with the political control of the ruling power. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. Two of the main revolutions were the French Revolution and the Latin American Revolution. The other key cause of the Latin American Revolutions was dissatisfaction with the colonial order, in particular how it placed the colonies as subservient to the colonial power. Create and find flashcards in record time. The French Revolution and the Latin American Wars of Independence are like the two sides of a coin. Two years later it produced a new, liberal constitution that proclaimed Spains American possessions to be full members of the kingdom and not mere colonies. Dessalines was a follower of Louverture. More troubling still were the bitter rivalries emerging between Buenos Aires and other provinces. Hidalgo, a Catholic priest, began the Mexican struggle for independence, by calling for rebellion in September 1810. A highly readable account by the 19th-century English geographer and explorer Clements Markham. That concession divided and weakened loyalist opposition to independence in the Americas. In places like Argentina, colonies "sort of" declared independence, claiming they would only rule themselves until such time as Charles IV or his son Ferdinand was put back on the Spanish throne. Even after the defeat of Napoleon, the king had stayed in Brazil. What modern-day countries were part of the colony of New Granada? In conclusion, the Latin American Revolutions achieved independence but left complicated legacies and created dynamics that still influence events in the region today. He later allied with French forces and achieved virtual autonomy for Haiti by 1801. By 1826, nearly all the Spanish colonies of the Americas had achieved independence. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Among them was Agustn de Iturbide, who decided to instead support independence as a way to preserve the conservative, colonial era order. "Causes of the Latin American Revolution." In Brazil, independence was led by elites similar to what occurred in the Spanish colonies, but in Haiti, it was led by slaves, who successfully established the first republic led by people of African descent. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. Learn about some of the most important Latin American Revolution leaders in the table below. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hachette, 1957. Interesting Facts. Answer (1 of 6): The formalized drive by the South American and Central American states to win independence from their Spanish and Portuguese overlords began in 1806 with the failed attempt by Francisco de Miranda to forge an independent Venezuela. Read More. Which of the following best describes an ongoing challenge much of Latin America faced after independence? The rebellion became more of a caste or total war as neither side took prisoners. The Mexican Revolution began as a movement of middle-class protest against the long-standing dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz (1876-1911). Joo was forced to return to Portugal and left his son Dom Pedro as the prince and ruler of Brazil. While Spain was racially "pure" in the sense that the Moors, Jews, Romani people, and other ethnic groups had been kicked out centuries before, the New World populations were a diverse mixture of Europeans, Indigenous people (some of whom were enslaved), and enslaved Black people. The revolution began with a failed assault on Cuban military . It provided money, arms, and soldiers for his return to Venezuela in 1816. Everything you need for your studies in one place. This set off a political crisis in the Spanish colonies. 1. This radical shift in power was undoubtedly influential in inspiring the Latin American Revolutions' causes. Caught between the loyalism of Spanish officers and the imperialist intentions of Buenos Aires and Portuguese Brazil, the regional leader Jos Gervasio Artigas formed an army of thousands of gauchos. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic . Iturbide captured Mexico City on September 27, 1821 and was made the emperor of Mexico. The United Provinces later changed their name to Argentina. The war also initiated a broader discussion of the morality of slavery. Buenos Aires then declared full independence in 1816, creating the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata, which included most of modern-day Argentina and Uruguay. Others did not suffer during the second half of the 18th century; indeed, the gradual loosening of trade restrictions actually benefited some Creoles in Venezuela and certain areas that had moved from the periphery to the centre during the late colonial era. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. He declared Brazil an independent with himself as its emperor in 1822. The highly racist colonial society was extremely sensitive to minute percentages of Black or Indigenous blood. On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised the banner of the Latin American revolution when he issued his Grito de Dolores, calling for revolt in the small town of Dolores. It was also largely ostracized from the world community. The last remnants of royalist forces were defeated by 1826. https://www.thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120 (accessed March 5, 2023). After the defeat of royalist forces, the area commonly referred to at the time as Upper Peru opted to become the independent state of Bolivia, named in honor of Bolvar. Spain was by far the largest colonial power in the Americas. . Creole revolutions were those led by creoles, or people of Spanish descent born in the colonies, for independence from Spain in the early 1800s in the Americas. It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political . In most cases, Latin American Revolutions were led by Creoles. A well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui that has hundreds of pages on Tupac Amaru and the uprising. Select the country that gained its independence from Portugal. While the Spanish had at first been Napoleon's ally, in 1808, he turned on them and removed King Fernando VII, replacing him with his brother. Toussaint Louverture, the leader of the revolutionary army, realigned himself with France when the French National Assembly abolished slavery and allowed him to govern Haiti. This detailed, sharply written text has stood the test of time. Like many of Mexico's 19th-century rulers, Diaz was an army officer who had come to power by a coup. Tupac Amaru returned from the Lake Titicaca in late 1780 to lay siege to the city of Cuzco, Perus second-largest city and still considered the by many to be the Inca capital. Although he surrounded Cuzco with tens of thousands of troops, the rebels could not take the city. Not only did it provide a massive distraction and tie up Spanish troops and ships, it pushed many undecided Creoles over the edge in favor of independence. Those who resisted Napoleon in Spain begged the colonials for help but refused to promise to reduce trade restrictions if they won. Creole participants in conspiracies against Portugal and Spain at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century showed familiarity with such European Enlightenment thinkers as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Montesquieu, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the many revolutions of Latin America were connected through networks of ideas, trade, and global events that rocked the world over a few dramatic decades. This book is a history of the Cold War in Mexico, and Mexico in the Cold War. Location is a key difference between the two wars. Creoles were upset that they were excluded from the highest government offices under the colonial system, which were reserved only for those born in Spain. In the American Revolution, the colonist leaders obeyed the will of the citizens, not vice versa. The French Revolution took place within France itself, an action that directly threatened the French monarchy. The royalists received important reinforcements from Lima in early January. Moreover, the Cortes would not concede permanent free trade to the Americans and obstinately refused to grant any degree of meaningful autonomy to the overseas dominions. Spain discriminated against the Creoles, appointing mostly new Spanish immigrants to important positions in the colonial administration. AboutTranscript. Charles IV was weak and indecisive and mostly occupied himself with hunting, allowing his ministers to run the Empire. Over the first few decades of the 19th century, nearly all of Latin America became independent. In alliance with Chilean patriots under the command of Bernardo OHiggins, San Martns army restored independence to a region whose highly factionalized junta had been defeated by royalists in 1814. This site is created and maintained . Here are the 5 ways the American Revolution was different from other Revolutions. Cartoon, 1847. The European empires and the US shunned it as a republic led by people of African descent. Fisher, Lillian. As a result, the counter-revolution has seized the opportunity to retake power. In 1807 the Spanish king, Charles IV, granted passage through Spanish territory to Napoleons forces on their way to invade Portugal. A Spanish word used to refer to people born in Spain that moved to the colonies. Of course, the major long term outcome of these revolutions was the creation of a number of independent nations in Latin America. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. In many ways, it was a conservative reaction by royalists to events in Spain and fears of the prospects for more complete social revolution. Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). By the late eighteenth century, the Spanish colonies had a thriving class of Creoles (Criollo in Spanish), wealthy men and women of European ancestry born in the New World. Fig 5 - Painting depicting Jos de San Martn crossing the Andes Mountains. However, by the late 1700s, the creole population made up most of the wealthy landowners and merchants in the colonies. The reforms imposed by the Spanish Bourbons in the 18th century provoked great instability in the relations between the rulers and their colonial subjects in the Americas. The other new republics of Latin America largely did as well, thinking it would help them establish successful relations with Europe and the US. A Spain ruled by France was an outrage even for New World loyalists. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North .