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He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West. BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . Earnest Hemingway and other prominent American intellectuals and writers joined the group. German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). SparkNotes PLUS He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. while better organized than the militias, was chronically short of arms and While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. In this The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. AP Euro Wars Flashcards | Quizlet English Civil War Thirty Years' War (2000) "Leadership determines the fate of a country." Evaluate this quotation in reference to Spain's experience under Philip II. an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. This occupation cost the French the good will of the United Kingdom and the United States, who presumably thought this was too harsh an action and not warranted by the circumstances. Example 1. Corrections? Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The Nationalists had no such Tolls is such an international brigadier. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag). The ship had ten guns and was bigger and faster than previous ships. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. He served longer as the leader of the Labour Party than anyone else in British history. This man led the Fascists, fighting republican forces. The Interwar Years (1919-1938): The Spanish Civil War (1931-1939 a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). Omissions? Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. artillery. A war of attrition began. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. On March 7 a civil war broke out in Madrid between communist and anticommunist factions. Omissions? Made many demands against Germany to cut down its size and to reimburse France, which had been devastated by the war. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. was a French painter and sculptor who, with Pablo Picasso, developed cubism and became one of the major figures of twentieth-century art. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Ch. 28 AP Euro Vocab Terms Flashcards | Quizlet prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. Spanish Civil War, an historical overview | Andalucia.com For the full article, see. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. . It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. Spansish Civil War | CourseNotes an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 - 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. "subhuman creatures," those Hitler did not believe he needed to treat humanely. Franco government. The Think about the basics of teaching young people . The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. defensive positions in a triangle of cities with the points in Madrid, Valencia, By the time the fighting ended on June 2, 1945, the U.S. had lost 50,000 men and the Japanese 100,000. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. 7 Things You May Not Know About the Spanish Civil War Examine the role of communism and fascism in the Spanish Civil War, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Spanish-Civil-War, The Holocaust Encyclopedia - Spanish Civil War, History Learning Site - The Spanish Civil War, Spanish Civil War - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Spanish Civil War - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War. The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. These were delivered along with the usual political commissars, urging allegiance to the partly line. The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. a line of concrete fortifications, tank obstacles, machine gun posts and other defenses which France constructed along its borders with Germany and with Italy, in the light of experience from World War I, and in the run-up to World War II. A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. a military organization descended from the Irish Volunteers which was recognised in 1919 by Dil ireann as the legitimate army of the unilaterally declared Irish Republic, the Irish state proclaimed in the Easter Rising in 1916 and reaffirmed by the Dil in January 1919. an Irish revolutionary leader, Minister for Finance in the Irish Republic, Director of Intelligence for the IRA, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, both as Chairman of the Provisional Government and Commander-in-Chief of the National Army. government fell prey to corruption and faction, and support and organization It is considered an important work of Modernist literature. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. a 1922 novel by James Joyce, first serialised in parts in the American journal The Little Review from 1918 to 1920, and published in its entirety by Sylvia Beach on February 2, 1922, in Paris. Five; lovely; great-aunts. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. War almost entirely in France. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. AP Euro Spanish Civil War - YouTube fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. Many more small nations joined the Allies. Associated with the phrase "God, death, what is higher.". occurred in 1923 when Germany stopped making their reparation payments required by the Treaty of Versailles. Contact us It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. The Triple Entente was formed because France, after forming the entente cordiale with Britain, wanted to reconcile its other ally, Russia, with Britain. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. WHKMLA : History of the Spanish Phalange The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The works feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur, a Spanish (Catalan) artist and one of the most important painters of the 20th century. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. II. They assured an alliance with each other while agreeing to support each other against Allied powers. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. political idealism. ammunition, and was beset by incompetent junior officers and political factions Review the vocabulary word listed below. Chapter 12 Identifications (Spielvogel) Chapter 13: European Society in the . When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. The final Republican offensive stalled at the Ebro River on November 18, 1938. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. and Barcelona. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY FRQs (1974-2004) - Roseville Joint Union High Franco's ensuing rein was one of oppression and tradition. French fighters in World War II, who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. a diplomatic conference, held in Washington, D.C. from November 1921 to February 1922. (one code per order). Causes of WWI Palmer Notes - AP Euro. Spanish Civil War | Holocaust Encyclopedia For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. The kite soared majestically over the treetops. The right reacted with fervor. a propaganda film by the German filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl. an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. You can view our. General Francisco Franco led an army from Spanish Morocco against the republic. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). Term Paper, AP European History Class, April 2007 Table of Contents I. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. Discount, Discount Code This island was the site of the US's first invasion of Japanese-held territory. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. a British single-seat fighter aircraft that was designed and predominantly built by Hawker Aircraft Ltd. The Republican government, beginning in September 1936, was headed by the socialist leader Francisco Largo Caballero. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. Fascist and extreme-right forces responded in July 1936 with an army mutiny and coup attempt that expanded into a civil war. The U.S. had frozen Japanese assets and cut off their oil supplies, which hindered Japan's plans for expansion. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . Had they taken Stalingrad, they could have gone to Moscow, and would never have been defeated. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. adjective. In response to this loss of good will, France shifted its policy and began to accept the fact that Germany was once again going to be a major player in central European politics. The efficient Franco a soldier rather than a fascist, but in league with fascism none the less made steady progress. He was later in command of the German forces opposing the Allied cross-channel invasion at Normandy. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. - Chevy Chase, SNL . He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. boredom, disillusionment, or a desire for adventure as often as genuine The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. The D-Day invasion began on the 5 beaches of this region. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional the German air force before and during World War II. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. Continue to start your free trial. | Republican violence occurred primarily during the early stages of the war before the rule of law was restored, but the Nationalist violence was part of a conscious policy of terror. Quiz & Worksheet - The Spanish Civil War | Study.com The main antagonists were the Nationalists under Gen. Francisco Franco and the Republicans underFrancisco Largo Caballero and, later, Juan Negrn. city in the northwest corner of France where the allied troops were trapped by the advancing Germany Army. Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. Spanish Civil War - AP European History violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: Definition Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. June 6, 1944 the day on which the Battle of Normandy began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. He was a skilled draftsman, best known for the striking, bizarre, and beautiful images in his surrealist work. The union of Austria with Germany, resulting from the occupation of Austria by the German army in 1938. a region of Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived; demanded by Hitler in 1938 to have control of this land; when Czechs refused, Hitler threatened war.